# 2.4.8. 1D - Intersubband transitions in InGaAs/AlInAs multiple quantum well systems¶

This tutorial calculates the eigenstates of a single, double and triple quantum wells. It compares the energy levels and wave functions of the single-band effective mass approximation with the 8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ model. Finally, the intersubband absorption is calculated.

Input files for both the nextnano++ and nextnano³ software are available.

The following input files were used:

• Single Quantum Well

• 1DSirtoriPRB1994_OneWell_sg_self-consistent_nn*.in (single-band effective mass approximation)

• 1DSirtoriPRB1994_OneWell_kp_self-consistent_nn*.in (8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$)

• 1DSirtoriPRB1994_OneWell_sg_quantum-only_nn*.in (single-band effective mass approximation)

• 1DSirtoriPRB1994_OneWell_kp_quantum-only_nn*.in (8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$)

• Two coupled Quantum Wells

• 1DSirtoriPRB1994_TwoCoupledWells_sg_self-consistent_nn*.in (single-band effective mass approximation)

• 1DSirtoriPRB1994_TwoCoupledWells_kp_self-consistent_nn*.in (8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$)

• 1DSirtoriPRB1994_TwoCoupledWells_sg_quantum-only_nn*.in (single-band effective mass approximation)

• 1DSirtoriPRB1994_TwoCoupledWells_kp_quantum-only_nn*.in (8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$)

• Three coupled Quantum Wells

• 1DSirtoriPRB1994_ThreeCoupledWells_sg_self-consistent_nn*.in (single-band effective mass approximation)

• 1DSirtoriPRB1994_ThreeCoupledWells_kp_self-consistent_nn*.in (8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$)

• 1DSirtoriPRB1994_ThreeCoupledWells_sg_quantum-only_nn*.in (single-band effective mass approximation)

• 1DSirtoriPRB1994_ThreeCoupledWells_kp_quantum-only_nn*.in (8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$)

This tutorial aims to reproduce Figs. 4 and 5 of [SirtoriPRB1994].

This tutorial nicely demonstrates that for the ground state energy the single-band effective mass approximation is sufficient whereas for the higher lying states a nonparabolic model, like the 8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ approximation, is necessary. This is important for e.g. quantum cascade lasers where higher lying states have a dominant role.

## Layer sequence¶

We investigate three structures:

1. a single quantum well

2. two coupled quantum wells

3. three coupled quantum wells

## Material parameters¶

We use In0.53 Ga0.47 As as the quantum well material and Al0.48 In0.52 As as the barrier material. Both materials are lattice matched to the substrate material InP. Thus we assume that the InGaAs and AlInAs layers are unstrained with respect to the InP substrate. The publication [SirtoriPRB1994] lists the following material parameters:

 conduction band offset Al0.48 In0.52 As / In0.53 Ga0.47 As 0.510 eV conduction band effective mass Al0.48 In0.52 As 0.072 m0 conduction band effective mass In0.53 Ga0.47 As 0.043 m0

The temperature is set to 10 Kelvin.

## Method¶

Single-band effective mass approximation

Because our structure is doped, we have to solve the single-band Schrödinger-Poisson equation self-consistently. The doping is such that the electron ground state is below the Fermi level and all other states are far away from the Fermi level, i.e. only the ground state is occupied and contributes to the charge density.

For nextnano++ we use:

# '0' solve Schroedinger equation only
# '1' solve Schroedinger and Poisson equations self-consistently
$SELF_CONSISTENT = 1 run{ !IF($SELF_CONSISTENT)
poisson{}
quantum_poisson{ iterations = 50 }  # Schrödinger-Poisson
!ELSE
quantum{}                           # Schrödinger only
!ENDIF
}

quantum {
region{
...
Gamma{                              # single-band
num_ev = 3                        # 3 eigenstates
}


For nextnano³ we use:

# 'QUANTUM_ONLY':    solve Schroedinger and Poisson equations self-consistently
# 'SELF_CONSISTENT': solve Schroedinger equation only
%QUANTUM_ONLY    = .FALSE.
%SELF_CONSISTENT = .TRUE.

$simulation-flow-control !IF %QUANTUM_ONLY flow-scheme = 3 # Schrödinger only !IF %SELF_CONSISTENT flow-scheme = 2 # Schrödinger-Poisson !IF %QUANTUM_ONLY raw-potential-in = yes !IF %SELF_CONSISTENT raw-potential-in = no$quantum-model-electrons
...
model-name = effective-mass            # single-band

number-of-eigenvalues-per-band = 3     # 3 eigenstates


Note

Single-band eigenstates are two-fold spin degenerate.

The Fermi level is always equal to 0 eV in our simulations and the band profile is shifted accordingly to meet this requirement.

8-band k.p approximation

Old version of this tutorial:

Becauce both, the single-band and the 8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ ground state energy and the corresponding wave functions are almost identical, we can read in the self-consistently calculated electrostatic potential of the single-band approximation and calculate for this potential the 8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ eigenstates and wave functions for $$k_\parallel = 0$$.

For nextnano³ we use:

$simulation-flow-control !IF %QUANTUM_ONLY flow-scheme = 3 # Schrödinger only !IF %QUANTUM_ONLY raw-directory-in = raw_data/ !IF %QUANTUM_ONLY raw-potential-in = yes$quantum-model-electrons
...
model-name = 8x8kp                     # 8-band k.p

number-of-eigenvalues-per-band = 6     # 6 eigenstates


Note

One $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ eigenstate for each spin component.

New version of this tutorial:

We provide input files for:

1. self-consistent single-band Schrödinger equation (because the structure is doped)

2. single-band Schrödinger equation (without self-consistency)

3. 8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ single-band Schrödinger equation (without self-consistency)

For a), although the structure is doped, the band bending is very small. Thus we omit for the single-band / $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ comparison in b) and c) the self-consistent cycle.

## Results¶

Single quantum well

Figure 2.4.8.1 shows the lowest two electron eigenstates for an In0.53 Ga0.47 As / Al0.48 In0.52 As quantum well structure calculated with single-band effective mass approximation and with a nonparabolic 8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ model.

The energies (and square of the wave functions $$\psi^2$$) for the ground state are identical in both models but the second eigenstate differs substantially. Clearly the single-band model leads to an energy which is far too high for the upper state.

Our calculated value for the intersubband transition energy $$E_{12}$$ of 255 meV compares well with both, the calculated value of [SirtoriPRB1994] (258 meV) and their measured value (compare with absorption curve in Fig. 4 of [SirtoriPRB1994]).

The calculated intersubband dipole moments are:

• $$z_{12}$$ = 1.55 nm (single-band)

For comparison: $$z_{12}$$ = 1.53 nm (exp.), $$z_{12}$$ = 1.48 nm (th.) ([SirtoriPRB1994])

The influence of doping on the eigenenergies is negligible (smaller than 1 meV).

Two coupled quantum wells

Figure 2.4.8.2 shows the lowest three electron eigenstates for an In0.53 Ga0.47 As / Al0.48 In0.52 As double quantum well structure calculated with single-band effective mass approximation and with a nonparabolic 8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ model.

The energies (and square of the wave functions $$\psi^2$$) for the ground state are very similar in both models but the second and especially the third eigenstate differ substantially. Clearly the single-band model leads to energies which are far too high for the higher lying states.

Our calculated values for the intersubband transition energies $$E_{12}$$ = 150 meV and $$E_{13}$$ = 267 meV compare well with both, the calculated values of [SirtoriPRB1994] (150 meV and 271 meV) and their measured values (compare with absorption curve in Fig. 5 (a) of [SirtoriPRB1994]).

The calculated intersubband dipole moments are:

• $$z_{12}$$ = 1.61 nm (single-band)

• $$z_{13}$$ = 1.11 nm (single-band)

For comparison: $$z_{12}$$ = 1.64 nm (exp.), $$z_{12}$$ = 1.65 nm (th.) ([SirtoriPRB1994])

The influence of doping on the eigenenergies is almost negligible (between 0 and 2 meV).

Three coupled quantum wells

Figure 2.4.8.3 shows the lowest four electron eigenstates for an In0.53 Ga0.47 As / Al0.48 In0.52 As triple quantum well structure calculated with single-band effective mass approximation and with a nonparabolic 8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ model.

The energies (and square of the wave functions $$\psi^2$$) for the ground state are similar in both models but the second and especially the third and forth eigenstates differ substantially. Clearly the single-band model leads to energies which are far too high for the higher lying states.

Our calculated values for the intersubband transition energies $$E_{12}$$ = 118 meV, $$E_{13}$$ = 261 and $$E_{14}$$ = 370 meV compare well with both, the calculated values of [SirtoriPRB1994] (116 meV, 257 meV and 368 meV) and their measured values (compare with absorption curve in Fig. 5 (b) of [SirtoriPRB1994]).

The calculated intersubband dipole moments are:

• $$z_{12}$$ = 1.81 nm (single-band)

• $$z_{13}$$ = 0.77 nm (single-band)

• $$z_{14}$$ = 0.30 nm (single-band)

For comparison: $$z_{12}$$ = 1.86 nm (exp.), $$z_{12}$$ = 1.84 nm (th.) [SirtoriPRB1994]

The influence of doping on the eigenenergies is almost negligible (between 0 and 4 meV).

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Automatic documentation: Running simulations, generating figures and reStructured Text (*.rst) using nextnanopy

The following documentation and figures were generated automatically using nextnanopy.

The following Python script was used: intersubband_MQW_nextnano3.py

The following figures have been generated using the nextnano³ software. Self-consistent Schroedinger-Poisson calculations have been performed for three different structures.

• Single Quantum Well

• Two coupled Quantum Wells

• Three coupled Quantum Wells

The single-band effective mass and the 8-band $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ results are compared to each other. In both cases the wave functions and the quantum density are calculated self-consistently. The $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ quantum density has been calculated taking into account the solution at different $$k_\parallel$$ vectors.

The absorption has been calculated using a simple model assuming a parabolic energy dispersion. The dipole moment $$z_{ij}=<i|z|j>$$ has been evaluated only at $$k_\parallel =0$$. The subband density is used to calculate the absorption. For the $$\mathbf{k} \cdot \mathbf{p}$$ calculation, the density was calculated taking into account a nonparabolic energy dispersion, i.e. including all relevant $$k_\parallel$$ vectors.

Quantum Well (single-band)

Quantum Well (k.p)

Two Coupled Quantum Wells (single-band)

Two Coupled Quantum Wells (k.p)

Three Coupled Quantum Wells (single-band)

Three Coupled Quantum Wells (k.p)

Automatic documentation: Running simulations, generating figures and reStructured Text (*.rst) using nextnanopy

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